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Cystitis

The pain at the bottom of the abdomen with cystitis

Cystitis is an inflammatory process that affects the internal walls of the bladder.In the early stages, the mucous membrane affects mainly, and in severe cases it can be extended to the muscular layer of the organ.

According to statistics, almost 35% of people (mainly women) at the age of 20 to 40 face this pathology, represents up to 67% of all cases of urological diseases.

Important! However, the inflammation of the bladder is characteristic of both sexes due to anatomical characteristics, in women it occurs 6-8 times more often.A wider, straight and shorter urethra provides easy access to several urogenital infections.With age, the difference in the frequency of occurrence in men and women is softened due to the growth of prostatitis cases between elderly men and associated secondary cystitis.

The diagnosis and treatment of pathology are dedicated to a urologist.Women often have to resort to the help of a gynecologist.

Cystitis: Pathology forms and types

Depending on the presence of internal sources of inflammation, 2 types of cystitis are distinguished:

  • Primary: It develops as an independent inflammation of the walls of a previously healthy bladder;more often found in women;
  • Secondary: It arises as a result of other urea diseases or inflammation of adjacent tissues and organs (for example, with prostatitis in men).

By the nature of the course of the disease, they distinguish:

  • acute form;
  • Chronic form: mixed symptoms without pain and ardor are characteristic.

In the coverage area, the disease can be:

  • total or general;
  • Focal: For example, a cervical shape with damage to the bladder's neck;
  • With the literal triangle lesion Lieto (trigonite).

Note!The inflammation approach can cover the entire urinary system;In such cases, cystitis is the first clinical manifestation of renal stone disease or pyelonephritis.

Given the changes observed in the area of the lesion, they distinguish:

  • Catarrhal: Classic acute inflammatory process with damage only to mucous tissues;It is accompanied by severe hyperemia, swelling and the release of serous exudate (serous form);In a careless case, it can enter a purulent form (with the release of purulent exudate);
  • Flegmono: a special type of purulent inflammation with purulent damage spilled to the submucose layer;
  • Granulomatoso: accompanied by abundant eruptions in the mucous membranes of the organ;
  • Hemorrhagic: an inflammatory process, accompanied by blood release in the urine;
  • Interstitial: with the participation of deep muscle layers;
  • Ulcerative: with the formation of characteristics of the mucous membrane of the internal walls;
  • Includes: For a long time, unpaid ulcers are covered with salts;
  • QUISTIC: with the formation of cysts in the submucoso organ;
  • GREGRENOUS - with cloth murder.

Given the reasons, the entire variety of cases is divided into 2 large groups of infectious and non -infectious cystitis.

Infectious forms They develop under the influence of several urogenital and general infections.Distinguish:

  • Specific pathologies: pathogens (mainly bacteria) - clamidia, gonococci, etc.;
  • Non -specific pathologies: The source of the disease are a variety of representatives of the conditional pathogenic flora

Note!In rare cases, cystitis can occur in response to the tuberculosis of the kidneys.The disease is accompanied by a pronounced clinical image.

Non -infectious cystitis - Develop as a result of non -biological damage to the mucous membranes of the organ.There are several types of pathological effects:

  • Radial impact: negative in the tissue of radiotherapy or exposure to radio;
  • Allergic or autoimmune reaction: pathological body to allergens (mainly personal hygiene products) or antigens of own tissues;
  • Traumatic: with chopped or cut wounds, with damage to the walls with urinary stones, catheter, foreign bodies; 
  • Parasitic: under the influence of toxic parasites, in particular schistosome of blood (type of flat worms);The risk zone includes mainly travelers in the Middle East and Central Asia;
  • Thermal: With burns, when they are washed with too hot solutions;
  • Chemical toxic: When exposed to aggressive substances: drugs, concentrated metabolites, poisonous substances, etc.;

How cystitis occurs: causes of pathology

The vast majority of cystitis has an infectious nature.The causal agent in this case can become conditionally pathogenic and pathogenic bacteria.coli, streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci and frequent representatives of the urogenital-gogonital infection, tricomonas, etc.

However, the aggression of microorganisms is not the main cause of the disease.For its successful effect, the body must weaken due to the influence of adverse external and internal factors.These include:

  • Chronic infections in other body systems: Cario dental damage, intestinal diseases, various forms of acute respiratory viral infections, gynecological inflammations and STDs;
  • vitaminosis and hypovitaminosis in the context of an unbalanced diet;
  • Excessive physical, nervous, regular mental work, as well as insomnia and lack of night sleep;
  • strong psycho -emotional stress;
  • General weakening of the immune system, even with the prolonged use of immunosuppressants;
  • Hypothermia of the body, the effect of sudden temperature changes: for women it is sometimes enough to sit on a cold surface to begin the inflammatory process in the pelvic organs, including bladder;
  • The high sexual activity in the absence of a permanent couple (non -traditional sexual practices and unprotected sex are especially dangerous);
  • Stagnant phenomena in pelvic organs and a sedentary lifestyle in general, frequent constipation, incomplete emptying due to the restrictions of the urethra or the bladder tumors, as well as the banal habit of "lasting to the last"; 
  • Poor or inappropriate body hygiene: in 90% of cases, the pathogen of the cystitis is the E. coli, which enters the bladder of the rectum;
  • use synthetic linen, especially narrow, pressing pelvic organs;
  • Abnormal urban organ development;
  • lesions and surgical intervention in pelvic organs;
  • Acute and fatty foods.

Separately, the cause of the disease should be mentioned endocrine disorders (diabetes mellitus, take hormonal drugs) and general fluctuations in the hormonal background.The last reason is especially characteristic of the female body, when cystitis exacerbations accompany periods of menstruation, pregnancy or menopause.

Symptoms of the disease

The first symptoms of cystitis are an increase in urination and discomfort at the bottom of the abdomen.Otherwise, everything depends on the shape of the disease and its cause. 

General list of possible characteristics:

  • Frequent urine, sometimes false;
  • Urine has a muddy color, blood impurities (hematuria) and pus are possible;
  • pain at the bottom of the abdomen (it can be turned on your back);
  • size and burns in the urine process;
  • constant sensation of the full bladder;
  • Urine acquires an unpleasant smell;
  • Daily or nocturnal enuresis;
  • Improvement of body temperature and general weakness.

In rare cases, chills, nausea, vomiting are possible.

Important! This disease is not characterized by a temperature greater than 37.5 degrees.If there is an excess of this indicator, it is necessary to examine the entire urinary system;Perhaps the inflammatory process has reached the kidneys.

In women, pathology often proceeds acutely and is accompanied by a classic set of symptoms.

Men are characterized by a chronic course of the disease with greased symptoms, which is often accompanied by signs of concomitant diseases of the sexual sphere (for example, BalanoPostitis or urethritis).

Diagnosis

A clear symptom of the disease allows you to make the main diagnosis after talking with the patient and palpation.Additional instrumental and laboratory exams allow establishing the type and shape of the disease, identifying the pathogen (with infectious lesion) and prescribing the most effective therapeutic complex.

Instrumental diagnosis:

  • Ecoscopy (ultrasound): Determine the degree of inflammatory process, allows simultaneously evaluating the status of urinary and sexual systems;
  • Endoscopy (cystoscopy): The examination of the bladder cavity using the cystoscope optical system allows you to evaluate the internal integument state, identify possible pathologies and neoplasms;performed only after the disappearance of acute phenomena;
  • The cystography is an X -Ray exam using an X -ray contract.

Laboratory Research:

  • General urine analysis: verify the level of pH, concentration of leukocytes, red blood cells, protein salts and uric acid;
  • Urine sediment study for more precise results;
  • Baksev: identify an infectious pathogen;
  • fabric biopsy, followed by a histological exam;
  • PCR diagnosis: as effective as possible when identifying sexual infections.

In some cases, the doctor can prescribe an analysis for the biochemistry of the blood: allows him to trace the characteristics of the functioning of the body with changes in the concentration of the main electrolytes (potassium, sodium, calcium), as well as evaluate the activity of the enzymatic systems.

For women, it is important to perform a gynecological examination for the presence of "female" inflammations, which often become the cause or consequence of cystitis.

Attention! Often, the inflammation of urea is a symptom of a more serious disease, therefore, a differential diagnosis for tuberculosis, prostatitis (in men), cancer tumors, etc.

How is the treatment?

The acute form of cystitis is easily put in chronicle, therefore, it is very important to react to the first signs of the disease in time and correctly.

Attention! Often, after the acute manifestation of the first symptoms, inflammation independently has nothing.This does not mean that the patient has recovered: the disease can be "underground" and a more thorough diagnosis of the body is required to identify the hidden pathological process.

The treatment, as a rule, complex, using conservative methods.With a competent approach, the result is favorable.Surgical intervention is only required in the most advanced cases.

The main dating list:

  • Pharmacological therapy;
  • saving regime;
  • abundant drink;
  • Diet compliance.

In chronic forms to restore the functionality of the bladder, a physiotherapy complex is assigned.

Drug treatment:

  • Antibiotics: In chronic forms, make an individual drug selection based on the results of Bakposev;
  • Diuretics: diuretics increase the output of the urine, wash the pathogenic flora and reduce the concentration of irritating substances;
  • antispasmodics;
  • Vitamin preparations.

To prevent the pathogenic effect of a large number of chemicals, the degrees are actively used with cystitis, mainly anti -inflammatory and diuretic: stubborn, tongue, renal tea (Ortosiphon), San Juan grass, spray, camomilla, parsley.Pharmaceutical medications give a good effect based on plant materials.

Attention! Abundant drinking with cystitis is necessarily!The minimum volume of pure water is 2 liters.Recommended 2.5-3 liters.

Diet characteristics:

  • It excludes all marinated, sharp spices, pickles, sweets, smoked foods and fried, as well as alcohol, tea, coffee, sweet soda;The diet salt must be eliminated to the maximum (!);
  • reduce the amount of meat, fish, poultry, especially fatty varieties; 
  • Dairy products are consumed in small quantities: low -fat, yogurt cheese, milk, low and unresolved cheese;
  • increase the consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits (great preference to watermelon, pumpkin);
  • To prevent constipation in the diet, the content of bran, cereals and vegetable oils must be increased.

Characteristics of cystitis in pregnant women

Change the hormonal background during pregnancy creates the prerequisites to suppress the work of the immune system, which increases the risks of developing several inflammatory processes.The slightest hypothermia, a slight violation of hygiene rules and even habitual climate change (the body considers it stress) can cause bladder inflammation.

By supporting a child, especially in the last stages of pregnancy, the pressure on the bladder due to the increase in the uterus increases.On the one hand, this causes stagnant phenomena in the pelvic area and contributes to the development of cystitis, on the other hand, exacerbates the manifestation of its symptoms, in particular:

  • The frequency of urine increases;
  • The sensation of pressure in the bladder becomes constant and does not stop even after its emptying.

Treatment during pregnancy is difficult due to the prohibition of the use of most antibacterial agents, they can negatively affect the complete development of the fetus.As an alternative, the instillation method is used: the introduction of local action antibacterial agents directly in the bladder cavity.The procedure is performed at the hospital under the control of medical staff.

Attention! Cystitis during pregnancy is dangerous for its complications.The high load in the kidneys during the gestation period requires constant monitoring of the state of the urinary system and urgent hospitalization in case of propagation of inflammation to its higher departments.

How to warn the disease?

To prevent inflammatory processes in the urinary system, it is enough to adhere to the following rules:

  • Avoid hypothermia at the bottom of the body: you don't feel on the cold surface, keep your legs hot.
  • Exclude sharp and salty products from the diet.
  • It deals with sexual infections, as well as other foci of inflammatory processes (including decay).
  • Reject synthetic materials, especially in the composition of underwear.Avoid a narrow and tight pelvic clothing area.
  • In the presence of sedentary work, make 10-15 minutes regular breaks with a heating.
  • Carefully observe the personal hygiene rules (especially for women): when washing and cleaning after defecation, all movements must be directed in the backward direction.The lower underwear should be changed daily.During menstruation, it is necessary to change the joints and tampons as often as possible.
  • Try to urinate in time, in the first "call of nature", do not tolerate, this causes the stagnation of the urine and stretches the walls of the bladder.Natural norm urinate 5-6 times during the day.

With frequent recurrent cystitis for prevention purposes, you must drink a glass of blueberry juice per day;Its pronounced antibacterial properties will avoid the disease or significantly reduce the frequency of its manifestations.